Bipolar Disorder – The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) states that a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder is based on a “manic episode which may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. A period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased goal directed activity or energy lasting at least one week” (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The hypomanic episode is similar but lesser in duration (i.e., at least four days), intensity, and effect of dysfunction on everyday life. The major depressive episode is marked by depressed mood (e.g., hopelessness, severe sadness greater than a transient low spell, loss of motivation, loss of interest or pleasure, possible, significant weight gain, or loss).
At times it might be quite surprising how many individuals go undiagnosed who suffer from bipolar disorder. Often individuals themselves, as well as their family and friends assume that the oscillations of mood, the highs, and lows, are because the person is eccentric, difficult to deal with, or overly emotional. Additionally, there are many parts of the country and world where there is still a stigma attached to seeking out mental health, or to admit that we might be struggling with a mental health problem. There are more than a few people in their 60s and 70s who might have been suffering from bipolar disorder but never sought medical help. The trigger that often prompts individuals, even those who are more hesitant, to seek out psychological treatment is bipolar disorder with psychotic features, meaning when the individual starts to have delusions or hallucinations (e.g., unaware of reality, thinking they are the messiah, believing that they are on a secret mission or an important assignment, convinced that their family members are possessed or under the control of an enemy organization).
What is the difference between bipolar I and bipolar II disorder? Simply put, it’s the severity. We might say that bipolar I disorder is distinguished by a more severe presence of a full manic episode, whereas bipolar II disorder can have a milder, or hypomanic episode (APA, 2013). It is recommended to pay attention to patterns in our own mood and behavior, as well as to that of our family and friends. It is important to understand that there is a difference between being more in tune with our emotions, being emotional, and suffering from a mood disorder such a bipolar disorder. Are we able to control our emotions or do they control us? Do we experience elevated emotions, highs, without having any triggers or reasons for them (e.g., winning a sports game, getting excellent grades, a promotion, an upcoming vacation, a new love)? Do we notice a pattern of crashing into low moods after feeling great for a while and we don’t know why? Is it difficult for us to continue in our everyday life when our moods affect us? These sorts of questions can assist us to determine if we or our family and friends might need to seek professional assistance.